Galactic Cosmic Rays

Galactic Cosmic Rays in the News

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) come from outside the solar system but generally from within our Milky Way galaxy. GCRs are atomic nuclei from which all of the surrounding electrons have been stripped away during their high-speed passage through the galaxy. They have probably been accelerated within the last few million years, and have traveled many times across the galaxy, trapped by the galactic magnetic field. GCRs have been accelerated to nearly the speed of light, probably by supernova remnants. As they travel through the very thin gas of interstellar space, some of the GCRs interact and emit gamma rays, which is how we know that they pass through the Milky Way and other galaxies.

The elemental makeup of GCRs has been studied in detail , and is very similar to the composition of the Earth and solar system. but studies of the composition of the isotopes in GCRs may indicate the that the seed population for GCRs is neither the interstellar gas nor the shards of giant stars that went supernova. This is an area of current study.

The image on the right is the EGRET gamma ray all-sky survey, courtesy of Dr. Carl Fichtel and the EGRET Instrument Science Team. Some GCRs interact with the interstellar medium and produce gamma rays. More about the interstellar medium...

Included in the cosmic rays are a number of radioactive nuclei whose numbers decrease over time. As in the carbon-14 dating technique, measurements of these nuclei can be used to determine how long it has been since cosmic ray material was synthesized in the galactic magnetic field before leaking out into the vast void between the galaxies. These nuclei are called "cosmic ray clocks".

Read about an experiment helping us to study GCRs: TIGER, the Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder

Back to cosmic rays

April 28, 2012: Did supernovas boost life on Earth? -- Astrobiology
April 23, 2012: Origin of cosmic rays a mystery -- Astrobiology
April 23, 2012: Cosmic ray theory gets the cold shoulder -- Physics World
March 29, 2012: Synopsis: Still no signs of antihelium in cosmic rays -- APS Physics
March 27, 2012: Lightning strikes produce free neutrons, and we're not sure how -- Ars Technica
March 19, 2012: Cosmic rays alter chemistry of lunar ice, may create building blocks of life -- Science Daily
February 5, 2012: Gamma-ray observations confirm ACE conclusions that cosmic rays are accelerated in OB associations and their superbubbles -- ACE News
November 28, 2011: In the heart of Cygnus, NASA's Fermi reveals a cosmic-ray cocoon -- NASA
November 23, 2011: Another origin for cosmic rays -- Sky & Telescope
May 16, 2011: Cosmic ray detector blasts off on space shuttle -- Physics World
May 13, 2011: Evidence that cosmic rays seed clouds -- Physics World
May 12, 2011: Cosmic rays mapped across the southern sky -- Physics World
May 4, 2011: Antiuniverse here we come -- Nature
March 31, 2011: IBEX scientists isolate mysterious 'ribbon' of energy and particles that wraps around heliosphere -- Eurekalert
March 24, 2011: Exploding stars and stripes -- NASA
March 3, 2011: PAMELA uncovers cosmic ray surprise -- Universe Today
October 7, 2010: Update on record-setting galactic cosmic ray intensities in 2009-2010 -- ACE News
August 30, 2010: Which ray?: Conflicting data on high-energy cosmic rays leave their source -- or sources -- unresolved -- Scientific American
August 18, 2010: Cosmic accelerators discovered in our galaxy -- Science Daily
August 17, 2010: Milky Way magnets solve cosmic ray conundrum -- New Scientist
June 2, 2010: CREAM team finds surprising features in cosmic ray energy spectra -- University of Maryland
May 7, 2010: Cosmic rays help make small galaxies invisible -- New Scientist
April 30, 2010: Mapping turbulence in the solar wind -- Physical Review Focus
April 22, 2010: Urgent refit for space magnet -- Nature
March 1, 2010: Focusing on the accelerators -- HEAPOW
March 1, 2010: Air showers from ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays -- Physics
February 16, 2010: NASA's Fermi closes on source of cosmic rays -- NASA
January 19, 2010: Science at the end of the Earth, Part II -- Blueshift podcast
December 31, 2009: Science at the end of the Earth, Part I -- Blueshift podcast
December 28, 2009: A breeding ground for cosmic rays -- Sky & Telescope
December 16, 2009: Do cosmic rays account for all the gamma rays in diffuse galactic radiation? -- Physics
November 18, 2009: Revving up particles in the cosmos -- Science News
November 16, 2009: The LMC in gamma rays -- HEAPOW
November 2, 2009: NASA's Fermi telescope detects gamma-rays from "star factories" in other galaxies -- NASA
November 2, 2009: Cosmic rays traced to centers of star birth -- Science News
November 2, 2009: Galaxy picture: Cosmic ray mystery solved? -- National Geographic
October 27, 2009: US physicists propose astrophysics goals -- Nature
October 15, 2009: Giant ribbon discovered at the edge of the solar system -- Science@NASA
October 6, 2009: Sun down: High-energy cosmic rays reach a Space Age peak -- Scientific American
October 2, 2009: Heart of a galaxy emits gamma rays -- Max Planck Society
September 29, 2009: Space radiation hits record high -- New Scientist
September 28, 2009: Cosmic rays hit space age high -- NASA
September 16, 2009: Too much radiation for astronauts to make it to Mars -- New Scientist
September 2, 2009: The elusive monopole -- New Scientist
August 27, 2009: Death rays from space -- Astrobiology
August 19, 2009: Particles as tracers for Milky Way's most massive explosions: 'Dark matter' origins of mysterious flux challenged -- Science Daily
August 14, 2009: In search of antimatter galaxies -- Science@NASA
August 12, 2009: Stars choose the life around them -- Astrobiology
August 10, 2009: Excess positrons are linked to Geminga pulsar -- Physics World
August 7, 2009: Nuclei cooperate to produce single particle -- Physical Review Focus
August 5, 2009: Moon may reveal elusive cosmic neutrinos -- New Scientist
August 1, 2009: SN 1006 supernova remnant -- APOD
July 30, 2009: Our smashing Solar System -- Astrobiology
July 28, 2009: NRL's Large Area Telescope explores high-energy particles -- Eurekalert
July 2, 2009: AGU journal highlights -- #9 -- Eurekalert
June 29, 2009: Monitoring the twist -- HEAPOW
June 26, 2009: Premature call on cosmic-ray anomalies? -- Physics
June 25, 2009: Supernovae: Cosmic-ray superfactories -- Sky & Telescope
June 25, 2009: Galactic link to climate change in doubt -- Physics World
June 23, 2009: Iron-ic twist deepens cosmic ray puzzle -- Science News
June 15, 2009: Meteorite may hold clues to solar system formation -- Universe Today
June 5, 2009: Cosmic rays offer clue to lightning -- Physics World
May 27, 2009: The phantom torso returns -- Science@NASA
May 22, 2009: Giant balloon flying high over Atlantic to catch cosmic rays -- Science Daily
May 4, 2009: Origin of high-energy cosmic rays more mysterious, again -- Science News
May 4, 2009: NASA's Fermi explores high-energy "space invaders" -- NASA
May 2, 2009: Another clue in the case for dark matter -- Science News
April 30, 2009: Cosmic-ray Fe intensity reaches record levels in 2008-2009 -- ACE News
April 14, 2009: 13 things that do not make sense (#3 Ultra-energetic cosmic rays) -- New Scientist
April 13, 2009: Our erratic Universe -- HEAPOW
March 28, 2009: Underground subatomic-particle measurements yield meteorological clues -- Science Daily
February 2, 2009: Debating the source of a rare particle -- APS Physics
January 26, 2009: CREAM over ice -- HEAPOW
January 24, 2009: Do cosmic rays cause lightning? -- Scientific American
January 24, 2009: Cosmic rays detected deep underground reveal secrets of upper atmosphere -- Science Daily
January 12, 2009: Cas A in 4-D -- HEAPOW
January 8, 2009: NSF, NASA successfully flight-test new balloon over Antarctica -- NSF
January 7, 2009: Danger ahead as the Sun goes quiet -- New Scientist
January 6, 2009: Cassiopeia A comes alive across time and space -- NASA's Chandra mission
December 31, 2008: Top ten physics stories of the year -- includes the Large Hadron Collider, quarks, and GCRs -- American Institute of Physics (AIP)
December 17, 2008: Cosmic rays do not explain global warming, study finds -- Science Daily
November 15, 2008: Milagro detects cosmic ray hot spots -- University of Maryland
November 19, 2008: UM-conceived experiment finds mysterious cosmic radiation -- University of Maryland
November 19, 2008: Electron 'bump' may confirm dark matter -- Nature
November 19, 2008: Discovered: Cosmic rays from a mysterious, nearby object -- Science@NASA
November 19, 2008: Dark matter proof found over Antarctica? -- National Geographic
November 18, 2008: New eyes on the cosmic-ray sky -- Sky & Telescope
November 14, 2008: Solar cycle variations in observed galactic cosmic ray composition -- ACE News
November 13, 2008: Scientists inaugurate world's largest cosmic-ray observatory -- Fermilab
November 4, 2008: PAMELA bares all -- Physics World
October 30, 2008: Hot solar wind in cold outer space -- The Weather Channel
September 30, 2008: The 'magnificent seven' of European astroparticle physics unveiled to the world -- Science Daily
September 23, 2008: Ulysses spacecraft data indicate Solar System shield lowering -- ESA
September 23, 2008: Solar wind loses power, hits 50-year low -- Science@NASA
August 28, 2008: Fermi's first light -- APOD
August 26, 2008: NASA renames observatory for Fermi, reveals entire gamma-ray sky -- NASA
August 13, 2008: Physicists await dark matter confirmation -- Nature
July 5, 2008: First underwater neutrino telescope has been constructed -- Science Daily
March 20, 2008: Rare cosmic rays are from far away -- Eurekalert
March 18, 2008: Fly's eye detector spies cosmic-ray cut-off -- Nature
March 4, 2008: GLAST spacecraft arrives in Florida to prepare for launch -- NASA KSC
February 15, 2008: NASA sponsors studies of next generation astronomy missions -- NASA
February 8, 2008: NASA calls for suggestions to rename future telescope mission -- NASA GSFC
January 24, 2008: Do cosmic rays cause lightning? -- Scientific American
January 4, 2008: Scientific balloons achieve Antarctic flight record -- NSF
January 2, 2008: White dwarf pulses like a pulsar -- NASA GSFC
January 2, 2008: Hot on the trail of cosmic rays -- Space.com
December 22, 2007: The best of 2007 -- Physics World
December 21, 2007: Cosmic powerhouses -- Astronomy.com
December 20, 2007: Suzaku explains cosmic powerhouses -- NASA GSFC
December 13, 2007: Ten top physics stories for 2007 -- AIP
December 4, 2007: Radiation flashes crack cosmic mystery -- Astronomy.com
November 30, 2007: NASA's GLAST satellite arrives at Naval Research Lab for testing -- Reuters
November 29, 2007: Violent black holes linked to high-energy cosmic rays -- The Hindu
November 20, 2007: Pierre Auger Observatory pinpoints source of mysterious highest-energy cosmic rays -- CERN Courier
November 20, 2007: Egyptian pyramids -- AIP
November 12, 2007: The highest-energy cosmic rays -- AIP
November 12, 2007: Cosmic rays from galactic centers -- APOD
November 10, 2007: Ray tracing: Energetic cosmic rays linked to giant black holes -- Science News
November 9, 2007: Energetic cosmic rays may start from black holes -- NY Times
November 8, 2007: Monster black holes power highest-energy cosmic rays -- New Scientist
November 8, 2007: Fastball-strength cosmic rays traced to black holes -- Scientific American
November 8, 2007: Cosmic-ray mystery solved at last -- Physics World
November 7, 2007: Repair shops for broken DNA -- Science@NASA
October 31, 2007: The origin of energetic 3He in the inner heliosphere -- ACE News
October 11, 2007: Origin of cosmic rays illuminated -- Science Daily
October 9, 2007: NASA: Major step toward knowing origin of cosmic rays -- NASA GSFC
September 18, 2007: Large Hadron Collider project to study the origins of matter -- Science Daily
September 13, 2007: Cassini flies by Saturn's walnut-shaped moon Iapetus -- Science Daily
August 31, 2007: Celebrating 10 years of ACE in space -- ACE News
August 17, 2007: In search of interstellar dragon fire -- NASA GSFC
May 23, 2007: UD scientists build an 'ice top' at the bottom of the world -- EurekAlert!
March 21, 2007: Making cosmic gamma rays -- Astronomy.com
February 28, 2007: NASA MESSENGER mission news: Priming instruments to map Mercury's crust -- SpaceRef.com
February 21, 2007: Space radiation hazards and the vision for space exploration: A report on the October 2005 Wintergreen conference -- AGU Space Weather
February 7, 2007: South pole flyby -- Science@NASA
January 30, 2007: Superbubble origin of galactic cosmic rays supported by supernova-produced isotopes -- ACE News

Galactic cosmic ray news from 2006 and earlier